Sample Essay Reference Page

Sample Essay Reference PageOne of the things that you will need to understand is that there are a few different ways that you can create a sample essay reference page. The first option is to write up a fairly short essay and submit it to an online writing service that will provide it to you for free. This is generally a great choice because you have very little to do and it is simple to edit the content.However, this does not always work. Sometimes if you write something with a purpose that you are trying to accomplish, the writing service will not provide you with enough material to make your essay worthy of consideration. So instead of submitting a completely blank page that could potentially be turned into a resume, you should look into another method for creating a sample essay reference page. One that I am more familiar with is creating a guide for an essay.In other words, you can take a short essay that you have written and edit it by putting in paragraphs where you want to add information about a topic that you want to talk about. Then you can turn the whole thing into a guide that is going to include all of the information that you need to help you with writing an excellent essay. You can then re-format it as needed, creating it in Word and then sending it to someone who is knowledgeable in academic writing. This will ensure that you get the most out of the sample essay reference page.As I mentioned before, I am more familiar with doing this type of editing to help me create an essay reference page. But, you can certainly find a way to accomplish the same task if you know how to do it.There are several tools available to create a sample essay reference page. Some of them are downloadable, while others are available on CDs and DVDs.If you have done the research and have taken the time to create a reference page, you will be glad that you did because it will serve you well in the future. Having a short essay that you can copy and paste into your resume wi ll help you when applying for a job and later on in your life. Remember, the one thing that you need to do to make sure that you get a job is to make sure that you do a good job of developing yourself and make yourself into a strong candidate.So take the time to make a quality sample essay reference page today so that you can have it ready when you need it the most. You may find that there are several benefits to do so.

Socialization Through Sports (Autosaved) Essays - Resocialization

Reflection Paper Dr. Mark Killian Introduction to Sociology 11 December 2017 Socialization Through Sports Throughout my life I have been socialized as an athlete. The past year, due to an injury, I was told that I will no longer be able to play softball. The hardest part about the journey so far has been the resocialization into society without having the collegiate athlete title. I never realized how many social factors were influenced by my athletic career, and how engrained softball was in my social identity. Two of the most influential factors that have shaped me are my culture, and the organizations I have been a part of. Being athletic, and playing sports were always idealized in my culture. I was raised in a very sporty family; every member of my family was an athlete at some point in their life. The values in my family were centered around academic and athletic success, a form of "nonmaterial culture" that influenced me (40). Trying to keep this status of a student athlete was very difficult for me, I had to make a lot of sacrifices. Most of the friends I had were on my sports teams, and being constantly surrounded by them swayed the way I thought and acted. We all developed a culture in which we shared common values, beliefs, norms, behaviors, and even language. Since we spent so much time together, I portrayed these shared ways of believing and of doing things. The "culture within" me showed in my everyday life, even when I was outside of games and practices (41). Softball culture includes time management, teamwork, listening to coaches, taking constructive criticism, and working hard. Softball c ulture was engrained in my everyday life, and the athlete title was associated with who I was as a person. Since I am no longer an athlete I am going through a resocialization process into a new culture. This process has been very difficult for me, it involves; not going to practices, not having to contour my schedule around softball, the way professors and classmates treat me, and even the way my family views me. It has been a "norm" for me to constantly arrange everything around softball, and to be treated as a player (50). Being treated as an athlete is difficult to explain, but it is your identity and people look at you with a sense of respect. Especially as a collegiate athlete I had to develop a relationship with my professors, which was hard since I missed classes and exams for softball. Also in my family culture, we socialize by talking about, and playing sports. I have been struggling a lot with this part of the resocialization process in particular, because I feel as if I have disappointed my family. Sometimes it is challenging trying to communicate with them because I am una ble to speak the language, and implement the gestures used by athletes (48). For example, I cannot talk about practices, other players, or the ability of our team because I am not there to experience it. Whereas usually I could have long conversations about all aspects of my culture, and now a lot of times I don't know what to talk about. The organizations I belonged to helped socialize me into an even more well-rounded athlete. I have been associated with high school softball, travel softball, collegiate softball, and student-athlete organizations. All of these "social groups shared something significant in a common," group members pushed each other to achieve goals (133). These groups were very influential and they greatly affected each person, we all wanted to be the most successful athletes. These organizations were created for athletes to grow and perfect skills. They are run by trainers who refine, teaching and helping us reach our goals. Leaders in "peer groups" such as these, demonstrate how we should act and what we should value (89). We begin to take the roles of those leading us, constantly "measuring ourselves in the roles that people see us in" (91). The members of the group can be the most persuasive, but the can only affect us as much as we let them. In my opinion, it is inevitable to be persuaded by teammates. When a teammate stays late

Health and safety in the health and social care workplace Essay Example

Health and safety in the health and social care workplace Essay Example Health and safety in the health and social care workplace Essay Health and safety in the health and social care workplace Essay Health and safety in the wellness and societal attention workplace Contentss Introduction Task-2 2.1 How information from hazard appraisals informs care be aftering for persons and organisational determination doing about policies and processs 2.2 The impact of one facet of wellness and safety policy on wellness and societal attention pattern and its clients 2.3 Discuss how quandary encountered in relation to implementing systems and policies for wellness, safety and security may be addressed 2.4 The effects of non-compliance with wellness and safety statute law in a wellness and societal attention work topographic point Task-3 3.1 How wellness and safety policy and patterns are monitored and reviewed 3.2 The effectivity of wellness and safety policies and patterns in the workplace in advancing a positive wellness and safety civilization 3.3 My part to puting the wellness and safety demands of persons at the Centre of pattern Decision: Introduction Health and safety demands are the basic right of every human being. Therefore, wellness and societal attention organisation must guarantee wellness and safety demands to their clients every bit good as their employees working for them. Each organisation must hold information for pull offing the hazards which can do injury to their workers or the clients. To supply safety updates to their clients at first, hazard factor appraisal should be taken topographic point. By making hazard assessment the authorization can be able to cognize which hazards can harm their service users. With aid of the hazard assessment the authorization can take attention planning and appropriate determinations for their client’s safety. Therefore, it helps to present appropriate statute laws or policies. To supply the best safety steps, the authorization must be on a regular basis checked these policies. By supervising and reexamining the patterns, we can guarantee fewer accidents in the workplace. Effec tive wellness and safety policies can convey better repute of the organisation and additions trust from their clients. Task-2 2.1 How information from hazard appraisals informs care be aftering for persons and organisational determination doing about policies and processs ’Risk assessments’ inform appropriate ’care planning’ for the persons and affect changeless monitoring of alterations if it is needed. Harmonizing to the definition, attention planning is a record of demands, ends and intercessions, puting out actions for run intoing the person’s demands who uses the services sing their physical wellness, personal state of affairs, household relationships, and specifying how these demands affect their wellness. Actually attention programs involve the countries of the user’s physical wellness, mental wellness province, disablement, adjustment and employment, fundss, inside informations of kids or immature people ( under 18 ) life with the patient who uses our services or with whom the patient who uses our services has important contact, societal activities, spiritualty and ethnicity, gender, civilization, carers views about the fortunes of the individual they care for, carers assessment, where apposite. Hazard appraisals is one of the of import tools of determination devising, which promotes the promotion and usage of logical methods for bettering decision-making in wellness and societal attention workplaces. By executing these appraisals we can really cognize the jeopardies in the workplace and find the client’s demands and do appropriate determinations harmonizing the demands. 2.2 The impact of one facet of wellness and safety policy on wellness and societal attention pattern and its clients There are many characteristics of health and safety policy’ on wellness and societal attention pattern and its client such as workers safety consciousness, effectivity of review, authorities steps etc. Among them review has a outstanding influence on health and societal attention practice’ . Below we precis some research documents on the impact of review of health and safety policy on wellness and societal attention practice’ and its client from U.K, which have applied backsliding analysis to aggregate informations at industry degree. Bartel and Thomas ( 1985 ) ten included reviews, review punishments, and the lost workday hurt rate to project a coincident equation theoretical account. They collected industry-level informations for the period 1974 to 1978. Their informations showed that though greater frequence of reviews gave rise to increased wellness and safety conformity, but this had non important consequence on cut downing hurt rates. Viscusi ( 1986 ) xi analyzed hurt rates by sing different factors such as control of expected mulcts, industry, twelvemonth and non-health and safety variables that could hold resulted in alterations in the hurt rate. He used industry-level informations for the clip period 1973to 1983. He found important effects of wellness and safety reviews on hurt rates. Furthermore, he did non happen any grounds in favour of ground that increased punishments would do lower rate of hurts. Gray and Jones ( 1991 ) twelve showed that farther wellness reviews in bring forthing workss reduced the figure of disputes of worker exposure limitations. They besides found first wellness review as the strongest impact factor, and they besides matched all Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) wellness reviews for single fabrication workss which were inspected during the period of 1972 to 1983. 2.3 Discuss how quandary encountered in relation to implementing systems and policies for wellness, safety and security may be addressed In the workplace, de facto communicating of wellness and safety is normally faced with a wide scope of predicaments andproblems. However, to guarantee the full procedure effectual, assorted factors should be considered, including hazard to others, hazard to self, resource illations, risk-benefit analysis, and divergent precedences between stakeholders, either external or internal. Care be aftering ensures the sound execution of the safetypolicy through effective scheme, including execution of the rules of wellness and security and optimisation of the wellness of employees. To make a safe and healthy environment at different degrees such as single, squad, or organisational degrees, organisations should prevail on understanding, duties, preparation, performs, and how different groups, persons and bureaus merge to each other. Organization should supervise and assesses wellness and safety policies, and execution procedure via review and scrutinizing the workplace. Management has to do ce rtain that all employees are trained on wellness and safety issues, such as cleanliness which is indispensable in avoiding nutrient toxic condition, conforming of effectual process of disposing of waste etc. that may happen during working period. Like, banana Peel should non be thrown on the floor because it can do deadly accident to other employees. There are other critical issues that can significantly diminish the menaces. In this manner quandary can be addressed. 2.4 The effects of non-compliance with wellness and safety statute law in a wellness and societal attention work topographic point Non- conformity with wellness and safety or breach of Health and Safety Regulations’ is a act of misconduct and can be result as in the Company, Corporation, or an single director etc. , being accused by the pertinent Health and Safety Enforcement Authority’ and if the individual or organisation is found guilty he/she can be fined or imprisoned. The individual who is guilty ( every bit good as the organisation ) can be charged under section 37’ of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974’ . Each breach whether it is intentionally go againsting the fundamental law or by being highly lax in making judicial responsibilities that result in lives in danger, can take to limitless mulcts and/or imprisonment. Health and safety enforcement governments can publish an promotion or interdiction notice to the workplace, apart from prosecuting the employer. Generally, an promotion notice by and large requires a improvement to be made in 21 yearss can be extended if needed. But in an exigency instance, it should be improved instantly. Non-compliance with a notice can bring forth prosecution in the magistrate’s courts’ . A worker injured at work or the client who is affected, fundamentally the victim can action the organisation or the guilty individual for amendss if the individual is inattentive in any manner in supplying safe and healthy provinces. Those found blameworthy are accountable for imprisonment and mulcts. In add-on, the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986’ , subdivision 2 ( 1 ) ’ , certifies the tribunal to censor an single declared of an offense in association with the direction of the company. This power is implemented at the discretion of the tribunal and needs no extra grounds or probe, therefore ensures wellness and safety. The offense of any decease is chargeable by an limitless mulct and a maximal penalty of life imprisonment. Task-3 3.1 How wellness and safety policy and patterns are monitored and reviewed Prevention is ever better than remedy. Agreements for analyzing and appraising the wellness safety precautional steps can be introduced with the aid of hazard appraisals which should be antecedently done and do certain that the efficaciousness of these steps are maintained decently and the hazard is under controlled. Hazard appraisals should non be practiced one time for all, it should be monitored on a regular basis for the undermentioned reasons- many alterations occur in the work topographic point so new alterations should be monitored, if a new step has been introduced such as new equipment or stuffs so new working conditions should be applied in order to forestall any hazard by them. If it is non measured so accident will happen or near miss’ -an accident which antecedently didn’t occur but with the new alteration it happened will ensue in hurt or life hazards. The board can guarantee some nucleus actions as a monitoring- preparation and care programmes can be held and incident informations such as decease rates, inadvertent rates can be collected, periodic hazard Appraisals and fecundity of the preventative steps can be audit, influence of alterations such as new equipment debut or work procedures or critical wellness and safety failures should be presented in no clip and appropriate steps should be taken. 3.2 The effectivity of wellness and safety policies and patterns in the workplace in advancing a positive wellness and safety civilization Guaranting health and safety’ in the workplace should non be seen as an administrative liability: it offers some noteworthy chances or effectivity in the work topographic point. Benefits from the wellness and safety policies we can acquire the followerss: Reduced costs:If wellness and safety statute laws are antecedently taken by the organisation so we can certainly cut down some unwanted costs which can happen if any inadvertent incident happens. Reduced hazards:We can surely cut down hazards in the organisation by the hazard appraisals which is a portion of wellness and safety pattern. Unwanted hazards can be prevented by the hazard appraisal. Lower employee absence and turnover rates:If we can non guarantee safety to our employees who work for the organisation so they will be less sincere to the work topographic point and absence and turnover rates will be higher. Fewer accidents:If we can guarantee adequate safety in the workplace so we can certainly cut down the accidents. So it means we can hold fewer accidents compare to old if safety steps are improved and checked on a regular basis in a everyday mode. Lessened menace of legal action:By the decrease of fewer accidents or hazards in the work topographic point we can decrease our menace of legal action. It is known to everybody that legal punishments are truly high of the carelessness in the wellness attention workplace, so taking appropriate preventative steps we can avoid those punishments. Better repute among clients and communities:If we can guarantee a safe wellness attention Centre to our clients and workers so the repute of our organisation will be higher and we can derive the trusts of our clients and guarantee them maximal client satisfaction. 3.3 My part to puting the wellness and safety demands of persons at the Centre of pattern I act as an of import individual in my Centre of pattern in puting wellness and safety demands and my ain parts to puting safety of persons are given below- At first, I merely go through the hazard appraisals of my workplace and happen out where certain hazards can be occurred. Based on the hazard appraisals I analyze which sort of safety steps should be taken attention of. If new alteration is introduced to my workplace so doing an appropriate determination based on the alteration should be practiced and if any new bars is needed so I inform the senior authorization to take appropriate actions. I besides collect incidental records such as decease records, inadvertent records and do some appropriate bars to get the better of the accidents. Decision: Every wellness and societal attention organisation must guarantee appropriate wellness and safety steps to their service users every bit good as their employees. Health and safety demands is a basic demand of any individual so taking it lightly is a serious offense. Not merely wellness attention workplace should take it earnestly but besides other organisations should be able to guarantee their safety bars. For doing a safe workplace one should first take topographic point hazard appraisals to pull off the hazards and supply regular updates on relevant issues. If any workplace is failed to supply their clients plenty safety so they will hold to give punishment on their actions. It is known to everyone that safety issues can convey approximately highest punishments to the authorization such as mulcts and maximal imprisonment. Effective wellness and safety policies and patterns can do a positive wellness and safe civilization and brings fewer accidents, reduces costs and hazards, lesse ns legal punishments, diminishes the employee absence and turnover and creates better repute of the workplace among the service users and the society. Mention: Mason, Diana J, Judith K Leavitt, and Mary W Chaffee.Policy A ; Politicss In Nursing And Health Care. St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Saunders, 2012 Collins, Suzan.Health And Safety. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2009 Barlett, Donald L, and James B Steele.Critical Condition. New York: Doubleday, 2004 Chemical bond, Richard G, George S Michaelsen, and Roger L DeRoos.Environmental Health And Safety In Health-Care Facilities. New York: Macmillan, 1973 Farley, Donna.Measuring Patient Safety Practices And Outcomes In The U.S. Health Care System. Santa M Fottler, Myron D, Naresh Khatri, and Grant T Savage. Strategic Human Resource Management In Health Care. Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2010. Print. onica, CA: RAND, 2009. Roth, Herbert H, Erwin S Teltscher, and Irwin M Kane.Electrical Safety In Health Care Facilities. New York: Academic Press, 197. OSHA In The Real World. Santa Monica, Calif. : Merritt Pub. , 1996 Hall, Mark A, and Sara Rosenbaum.The Health Care Safety Net In A Post-Reform Universe. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, 2012 [ 1 ]

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Abortion - Essay Example Pro-abortion activists would say that a child is the womb as not yet been born and so cannot be considered to be life. I would go along with this position but for the fact that it has been proven that a fetus displays human characteristics when it is only a few weeks old. Ultra scans are now so good that small finger movements can be made out when a fetus is smaller than your fingernail. The unborn child does not get a say in what his or her mother chooses to do. That’s right, even a one-week old fetus already has a defined gender. The second issue that is will bring up is how abortions are hurting the growth of our country. Over the last few decades, the birth rate in America has dropped below the level that the population needs to replace itself. Thankfully, the American population is not decreasing due to the mass influx of immigrants each year. However, due to the millions of abortions performed in this country each year, who will become the leaders of our society in 30, 40, 50 years time? How many future presidents, football stars, and musicians are being taken out of the future population by people who live in the present day? All these â€Å"missing† people would have taken up a significant part of the workforce once they reached adulthood. As a result, foreigners are going to take American jobs where no one else is available to do so. The last issue that I will touch upon is the serious medical risk posed to the mother of an aborted child. Cervical cancers are common as a result of abortion, and in the most extreme cases death can occur. Besides obvious physical harm, there are psychological risks too. These are often understated because many people do not fully comprehend them. Instances of sleep difficulties, alcohol and drug abuse, and the breakdown of relationships are only some of the psychological damage that an abortion can cause. The vast majority of women who elect to have an abortion do so without knowing

The Franklin Fund and Tiffany & Co Research Paper

The Franklin Fund and Tiffany & Co - Research Paper Example Tiffany & Co. is a company with holdings that mainly operates through its subsidiary companies. The company mainly engages in jewelry manufacturing, product designing and retailing activities. However, the major portion of the sales is earned from its jewelry and specialty retailer, Tiffany and Company which operates primarily in North and South America and has stores in United States, Canada, Brazil and Mexico. Apart from these nations, a substantial amount of sale for the company products comes from Asia-Pacific and European countries. A brief history of the company Established first in New York in the year 1830, Tiffany & Co. during its initial years saw great growth prospect in the fancy and stationery goods market. With an advance of $1,000 from Tiffany’s father, 25 years old Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B. Young opened their first store at New York City. Inspired by the natural world, their products bore the mark of harmony, simplicity and clarity, which went on to bec ome the hallmark of the company’s designs ranging from their silver hollowware and flatware to jewelry at later stages. It was in 1867, that Tiffany and Co got international recognition, when a foreign jury at Paris Exposition Universelle handed over the grand prize for silver craftsmanship. As it went on to spread its wings, Tiffany & Co. went on to establish the first American school of design, The Silver Studio. In 1886 the company created another benchmark when it launched the engagement ring Tiffany ® Setting which went on to become a new symbol in the jewelry industry. Tiffany won the greatest of honors and awards and held the leading position in thee world of designer jewelry creation. Tiffany boasted of being one of the most trusted and appreciated jewelry brand for many distinguished personalities of the American society; who preferred Tiffany & Co. over any other jewelry brand. The company continually changed and updated its designs to keep pace with the changing taste of the modern customers. One can get hold of all the legendary design patterns of Tiffany in the annual Blue Book Collection. Published for the first time in 1845 this book catalogues the best of all glamorous and spectacular jewelry created by Tiffany. Today’s version of the catalogue showcases the elite range of diamonds and colored gems that have been encrusted in wide range of precious metals For its elegant style and rich heritage over the past two centuries, Tiffany has gained the reputation of being the ultimate source of gifts for most cherished occasions of life. (Tiffany & Co., 2011). A brief biography of the current CEO Michael J. Kowalski, the chairman and CEO of Tiffany & Co. is a renowned jeweler who was appointed as the president of the company back in January 1996.

UK Identity Cards and Civil Liberties

UK Identity Cards and Civil Liberties â€Å"The introduction of identity cards in the UK infringes upon our human rights and civil liberties whilst actually doing very little to counter crime and terrorism† Discuss Contents Abstract Introduction Chapter One – Surveillance as a means of crime prevention counter terrorism 1.1 Is surveillance needed for crime prevention? 1.2 Is surveillance needed for counter terrorism? Chapter Two – Increased surveillance – the viability of data retention 2.1 Data retention and identity cards 2.2 Is data retention a positive thing? 2.3 The scope of data retention laws Chapter Three – Has the introduction of the identity cards scheme served to breach individual human rights and civil liberties regarding privacy in the same way as other forms of surveillance? 3.1 The right to personal privacy 3.2 Are human rights and civil liberties effectively recognised domestically? 3.3 How far is the right to personal privacy recognised in law? 3.4 How does the ICA 2006 fit into understanding human rights and civil liberties? Conclusion Bibliography The aim of this study is to consider whether the introduction of identity cards in the UK would indeed infringe upon our human rights and civil liberties, whilst also looking to determine whether it would actually be an effective way of combating crime and terrorism. Therefore, this paper will look to consider the enactment of the Identity Cards Act (‘ICA’) 2006 and the problems that are likely to arise from the introduction of the proposed scheme. Then, it will also be necessary to consider the background to the enactment of the ICA 2006 by putting this development into context with a consideration of Closed Circuit Television (‘CCTV’) and the development of data retention surveillance techniques used to gather information about people with the aim to prevent crime and counter terrorism. However, this paper will also look to recognise the legal reasoning used to justify this kind of surveillance and information gathering that, although contrary to the recognition of the human rights and civil liberties of individuals, is considered necessary to guard the interest of society as a whole against the threat of terrorism and serious crime. But, at the same time, this paper will also recognise this kind of surveillance may actually be doing very little to counter terrorism and serious crime and is not only breaching people’s recognised human rights and civil liberties, but also criminalizing the population and breaking the law in the process. Then, finally, in summation it will be necessary to look to conclude with a balanced and logical overview of this discussion effectively derived from an understanding of the issues covered to present a reasoned view regarding this issue. At the end of 2006, legislation was passed domestically in this country in relation to the introduction of identity cards throughout the UK in the form of the ICA 2006 as a means of crime prevention and counter terrorism. But, interestingly, in spite of its apparently noble intentions, the ICA 2006 is seen by many as only ‘enabling legislation’ that merely provides the legal framework around which the scheme of identity cards is to be developed and it does not purport to provide details of every aspect of the schemes overall operation[1]. This is because the Act itself proposed the use of biometric identity cards[2] to establish and maintain a database of information called the National Identity Register (‘NIR’) on all individuals currently residing within the UK in support of ongoing efforts to help prevent terrorism or serious crimes from occurring[3] by allowing for an easy means to ascertain and prove an individual’s identity[4]. Therefore, the en actment of this legislation meant both private and personal companies could access this register to confirm an individual’s identity or simply check the accuracy of their information. However, this policy is not without its problems. This is because whilst sections 19 and 23 of the ICA 2006 only permit access to records without consent if it is in the interests of national security or for purposes connected with the prevention or detection of crime, the legislation allows for information to be added without the individuals’ knowledge with the aim of eventually having fifty pieces of an individual’s personal information on their card that would then be stored on the aforementioned database with the NIR[5]. But despite the fact many critics argue the NIR will allow the government to monitor and record almost every aspect of a person’s life, almost all of the information listed in Schedule 1 of the ICA 2006 as being required that includes signature, photograph from a passport, name and address (both current and previous), date of birth and national insurance number for this purpose is already in the government’s possession and everyone has the right to see what information is held about them. Nevertheless, there is a fear that ‘hackers’ are bound to attempt to gain access to the NIR database in the same way as in the US, in April 2005, when it was reported Reed Elsevier may have accidentally released the personal information of 310,000 US citizens during 59 separate criminal incidents[6]. It is perhaps little wonder then that the scheme to be developed under the ICA 2006 has led to a great deal of criticism from various organisations. Economists, in particular, have argued that such a scheme would be excessively expensive for what they believe to be somewhat limited results in view of the fact that whilst government estimates have put the cost of the scheme’s introduction alone at around  £6 billion pounds[7], a group of analysts at the London School of Economics consider the figure to be closer to  £18 billion that must ultimately come out of the public’s pocket through taxation[8]. Therefore, whilst the use of identity cards brought about by the enactment of the ICA 2006 could be considered the latest advancement of surveillance technology with the legitimate aim of preventing crime and counter terrorism, question marks remain over whether this kind of policy is an acceptable tool in view of the need to recognise individual human rights and civil liberties[9]. But this is not the first time that the legitimacy of surveillance has been called into question, despite its aims to prevent crime and counter terrorism, so it is necessary to look to consider whether the use of this kind of surveillance technology has achieved anything in this regard. â€Å"Every man should know that his conversations, his correspondence, and his personal life, are indeed private.† Lyndon B Johnson 1908-1973 – President of the United States of America In spite of Lyndon B. Johnson’s view ostensibly in support of Mill[10], the use of surveillance techniques has become increasingly widespread with the passing of time because technology in this area has advanced at such a pace that even the public at large is becoming ever more aware that surveillance no longer simply refers to the work of spies in Ian Fleming novels. The word itself in French literally means ‘watching over’[11] and, in this context, refers to all forms of observation or monitoring of another for public or private purposes. Now, however, most people are aware such techniques are used by law enforcement agencies, business and even private individual so as to gain useful information in relation to the activities of suspected criminals and terrorists where a threat is perceived leading to an eventual arrest where it is warranted[12]. In particular they are usually most commonly aware of the use of CCTV cameras on buildings and in shops. But the use o f identity cards is just another means of surveillance as its production and use will effectively act like a form of tracking whereby the authorities and private and public organisations will gain yet another insight into the private lives of individuals by creating a verifiable ‘document trail’ that the authorities can follow. 1.1 Is surveillance needed for crime prevention? The UK leads the world in the concentration of public surveillance devices to people[13]. This is because, about ten years ago, the UK government used  £150 million each year to develop a Closed-Circuit Television (‘CCTV’) network around the country[14] so that the industry grew exponentially throughout the 1990’s so, by 2003, at least two and a half million cameras could be found in this country[15] that continues to increase at around 20% per year[16]. The ‘net effect’ is substantial. It is widely believed everyone in London is caught on camera at least three hundred times each day[17] and very often these cameras do not just watch and record us, but also use facial recognition software to scan subjects against a criminal database[18]. Although statistical evidence is somewhat limited in relation to the effectiveness of surveillance technology in view of the fact there is usually much more to crime prevention and counter terrorism[19], the authorities downplay this negative element and emphasise the positive where a security issue of national significance is resolved. Such a view is effectively illustrated by the fact whilst the police review of CCTV tapes played a significant role in identifying a suspected terrorist handler involved in the bombing of King’s Cross in July 2005[20], there remains a prevailing view that, if anything, crime levels have stayed the same or even increased despite the widespread installation of CCTV cameras. National statistics have shown that, whilst around three quarters of the Home Office Crime Prevention budget has generally spent on CCTV, a comprehensive review has revealed the overall reduction in crime was only around 5% by 2002[21] and has continued to make small incremental reductions nationally ever since[22]. But as a stark mark of the success of CCTV in preventing crime, a parallel systematic review found that street lighting saw a reduction in crime of 20%, whilst CCTV cameras usefulness is then further marked against because it is understood that only around 3% of all street robberies in London are solved using CCTV footage[23]. Interestingly, however, in Portsmouth the City Council released crime statistics for the first three months of 2008 that showed that of 1384 recorded incidents this led to 346 arrests that were recorded by the network of 172 CCTV cameras in Portsmouth and marked this out as mark of their usefulness as crime solving tool[24], whilst, in Newham, police claimed an 11% drop in assaults, a 49% drop in burglary, and a 44% drop in criminal damage[25] where cameras were installed[26]. However, as well as possibly being merely an aberration in our understanding of the overall usefulness of CCTV cameras and surveillance technology as a whole, the source of the statistics is a branch of government. Therefore, unfortunately, this may mean the results have been embellished to present CCTV as being a good use of public money and, even where this is not the case, the police may have made the same number of arrests anyway so that it is somewhat surprising that the cameras have such support to enforc e the law[27]. 1.2 Is surveillance needed for counter terrorism? However, since the tragic events of 9/11 in the US, such action is also justified because it is arguable this led to the establishment of a renewed approach to surveillance in the interests of national and international security across the world. Therefore, 9/11 effectively served to reveal terrorist groups had organised themselves ‘transnationally’ making it harder to trace them using traditional surveillance techniques[28]. As a result, whereas in the past, terrorist groups could be readily categorised by reference to territory, this is no longer the case because, organised on a global scale, these loosely affiliated ‘cells’ can operate simultaneously in various States. This is because they are not unified by a single vertical command but horizontally[29] by using modern communication and transportation technology, whilst the integration of financial markets also facilitates their mobility and range of targets without claiming a particular territory as â €˜home’[30]. On this basis, globally, countries realised they had a shared interest in enhancing international co-operation to fight terrorism because of the fear groups may be in possession of non-conventional weapons such as biological, chemical and nuclear[31]. Therefore, the international community must work together because such a threat cannot be vanquished by single States alone[32], as the UN recognises certain States being unable or unwilling to prevent or stop the traffic of such weapons means â€Å"the ability of non-State actors to traffic in nuclear material and technology is aided by ineffective State control of borders and transit through weak States†[33]. Clearly, the international community must hold together to find effective solutions because, although 9/11 undoubtedly showed the world that even the leading democracy was not safe from terrorist attacks. Whereas in the past a series of diplomatic, economic and financial measures nationally to fight terrorist structures[34], to multiply the effect of such measures, States agreed to co-operate internationally by using treaty law with around a dozen multilateral conventions on anti- and counter-terrorism[35]. Therefore, in theory, no terrorist activity would go unpunished[36]. But the UN has struggled since its inception to formulate an effective response. On the one hand, it has provided a solid international legal framework for combating terrorism via the adoption of terrorism-related treaties by the General Assembly and UN agencies. But, on the other hand, the UN has been unable to reach agreement on a definition of terrorism that outlaws all indiscriminate attacks against civilians and circumvents the need to recognise the human rights and civil liberties of the public at large, so more than twenty different parts of the UN system deal with terrorism in one form or another[37]. However, in Europe it was not until the 2004 train bombings in Madrid that the EU looked to take significant action to counter terrorism and prevent serious crime. This is because those investigating the attacks in Madrid discovered telecommunications played a significant role in planning of the attacks because they were co-ordinated by mobile phone and via the Internet. Unfortunately, however, at the time of the attacks the Spanish authorities had only limited access to help to telecommunications networks in order to further their investigations when more traditional methods of surveillance associated with the aforementioned use of CCTV were somewhat lacking[38]. This is because with the advancement of technology in this area, traditional surveillance has been made somewhat redundant by the use of Internet so that, in order to be able to effectively prevent serious crime and counter terrorism in the modern age, there is a need to utilise data retention technology. Chapter Two – Increased surveillance – the viability of data retention 2.1 Data retention and identity cards On this basis, the original justification for the ICA 2006 identity cards scheme was the supposed need to combat the serious problems of illegal working and identity fraud. This is because the government estimated identity fraud amounted to a  £1.3 billion annual loss to the UK economy[39], and the government’s first consultation paper in this area specifically eschewed many of the claims for identity cards that some other advocates suggest they would bring – such as combating terrorism, benefit fraud and crime more generally[40]. However, the draft legislation clearly presented the identity card as a device with which to combat terrorism, whilst the 2003 government’s white paper[41] emphasised the use of identity cards as an effective tool. According to Privacy International, government ministers in the UK have argued in broadcast interviews that, although the 2001 New York and 2004 Madrid[42] atrocities had been committed by people with valid US documents and Spanish identity cards respectively, many other terrorists use false identities and they also claimed the quality of the database underpinning the British scheme would be much higher than the Spanish. 2.2 Is data retention a positive thing? Nevertheless, aside from the more secure nature of the identity cards scheme proposed in the UK under the ICA 2006, this kind of data retention has previously proved to be a very positive thing that has served to enhance the lives of those living within our society. As most people are aware, such technology is already being used in the form of services that text details of the closest restaurant based on a mobile phone location when your hungry, or help to pick an exit at the next roundabout when you are lost can be very useful. But any retention of collected data is also very negative because the advantages of technology come at a price, since one person’s ‘enhanced information’ can invade another’s privacy[43]. This is because an individual’s right privacy is becoming increasingly susceptible to the advancement of technology with the introduction of ‘wiretaps’, biometrics, and video surveillance cameras all each having the potential to erode privacy[44] in the same way as identification cards, whilst digital interactive television technology may even soon tell advertisers exactly which programs people view in their homes[45]. Therefore, such advancements are clearly both beneficial and frightening[46]. This is because it is commonly understood that no modern technology derived from the development of telecommunications poses a greater threat to privacy than the Internet[47] by allowing researchers to collect data much more cheaply and efficiently[48] because what once took a great many days hard labour can now be accomplished with a keystroke[49]. But it is also important to appreciate that the remit of the Data Retention Directive[50] effectively allows EU Member States to synchronise their laws so all telephony companies and ISP companies within each and every EU Member State are obliged to retain details on all electronic communications for up to two years for the purpose of investigating, detecting and prosecuting serious crimes[51]. 2.3 The scope of data retention laws The main categories of data ‘generated and processed’ to be retained under the Data Retention Directive regarding communications are the retention of data to (a) trace and identify its source (e.g. caller); b) identify its destination (e.g. number dialled); (c) identify its date, time and duration; (d) identify its type (i.e. network or service used); (e) identify equipment (i.e. means); (f) identify that equipments location; and (g) regarding unsuccessful calls[52]. But this is somewhat controversial because ‘unsuccessful calls’ occur where a telephone call has successfully connected, but has not been answered[53]. However, whilst no data regarding the content of the communications is to be retained[54], EU Member States should also ensure data’s security is respected as a reflection of equivalent provisions for the protection of personal data in the Data Protection Directive[55]. This is because, through measures to protect data against accidental or unlawful destruction, accidental loss or alteration, or unauthorised or unlawful storage, processing, access or disclosure[56] of data is accessible by authorised personnel[57]. As part of this process, EU Member States must also have measures in place to ensure any criminal access to or transfer of data retained under the Data Retention Directive is punishable by effective penalties[58]. Therefore, the Data Retention Directive provides only data retained should be provided to the ‘competent national authorities in ‘specific cases’[59], but fails to recognise which authorities are likely to be competent and the reasons why such data may be accessed. This effectively means this could lead to uneven access to data across the EU because there is no definition of ‘specifically authorised personnel’ or ‘law enforcement authorities’, but Article 9 recognises each Member State must designate one or more public authorities to be responsible for monitoring the application of the Directive regarding security of stored data. Therefore, in the UK, the Home Office has looked to publish a set of draft Regulations in the form of the Data Retention (EC Directive) Regulations (‘Regulations’)[60] to effectively implement the Data Retention Directive’s nature and scope[61]. But the Regulations only looked to address the retention of certain call data by telephony companies because EU Member States can delay the Data Retention Directive’s implementation regarding traffic data for an additional 18 months until March of 2009[62]. Nevertheless, even before they have been implemented, the UK Regulations also nothing to allay the fears raised by human rights’ advocates regarding the EU’s Data Retention Directive because the Regulations remain as unspecific and unrestrictive as the Directive. However, domestically, the authorities have â€Å"a great deal of experience with the retention of traditional communications data† because they â€Å"have been working with the ind ustry to ensure the retention of this data since 2003, when Parliament first approved the code of practice for the voluntary retention of communications data under Part 11 of the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001†[63]. Nevertheless, whilst the retention of data was voluntary under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act (‘ATCSA’) 2001, because it was made in response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, its voluntary code has served as the foundation for establishing a practical framework for the enforced retention of communications data so the draft regulations provide the next step towards a mandatory framework[64]. Such a view was supported by the fact that the EU set a high global standard in data privacy protection when it forged its Data Protection Directive[65], which became effective in October 1998[66], and created such a rigorous legislative approach to privacy[67]. But the ATCSA 2001 was then amended so that the purpose of such retention became â€Å"(a) for the purpose of safeguarding national security; or (b) for the purposes of prevention or detection of crime or the prosecution of offenders which may relate directly or indirectly to national security†[68] so the a ccess would then be just for limited purposes. Therefore, it is important to recognise that the UK’s Regulations have established provisions to continue with the policy of reimbursing public communications providers their expenditure from adjusting their business practices to comply with the Government’s requirements for the retention of communications data. But the interception of communications and the obtaining and disclosure of data relating to them is currently regulated by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (‘RIPA’) 2000 because section 21 recognises communications data does not include the contents of the communications, but that, in the interests of national security, they may still obtain it. Consequently, the Data Retention Directive will effectively serve to augment RIPA 2000 that does not currently require the specific retention of data in advance, but the police are able to serve ‘section 22’ (‘S22’) telecommunication companies within the industry for acces s to the data that they retain. Accordingly, whilst the RIPA 2000 will only permit the interception of communications in the UK by defined bodies in specified circumstances to protect individuals’ privacy, the longer the data retention period, the greater the period of access that will provided to the authorities in the interests of security[69]. Nevertheless, ostensibly, it is to be appreciated that the RIPA 2000 is designed â€Å"to ensure that the relevant investigatory powers are used in accordance with human rights†, since it extends the legal regulation of interceptions to cover private networks that are â€Å"attached, directly or indirectly to a public telecommunications system†, and includes â€Å"anything comprising speech, music, sounds, visual images or data of any description†. Therefore, a criminal offence is not committed in the UK if the controller of a private network intercepts a communication in the course of its transmission, but section 1(3) provides that intercepti ons â€Å"without lawful authority† are still actionable under the remit provided for by the HRA 1998 that is discussed below[70]. On the basis of this understanding of data retention laws discussed in the previous chapter, it is also important to look to consider whether the scheme for identity cards proposed under the ICA 2006 based on personal data retention as a means of identification will serve to violate the recognition of individual human rights and civil liberties. This is because whilst it would clearly be hard to argue using surveillance technology to gain solid evidence for the purposes of preventing serious crime and encouraging counter terrorism is a bad thing, there is an all too prevalent need within the current climate for the striking of a balance between maintaining national security and unnecessarily invading an individual’s privacy. In spite of their legitimate aims, the introduction of identity cards in the UK could be considered to be just the latest step in the government’s efforts to encourage crime prevention and counter terrorism at the expense of the individual rights and freedoms. This is because, in the same way as other advancements in surveillance technology, identity cards are also not without their problems. There is a prevailing feeling the use of identity cards across the nation will serve to breach individual human rights and civil liberties in the same way as many other forms of surveillance. In particular, it has been argued the use of identity cards will serve to breach individual rights to privacy because of the nature of the personal data that will be stored and retained within them and on the NIR database[71]. Therefore, although there is little doubt the use of such technology for information gathering is very advantageous to help the government, the police, and even everyday people, question marks have arisen in relation to just how far surveillance technology should be used to monitor the public. Consequently, there is an argument those who use surveillance for the purposes of information gathering should take on certain responsibilities they must then uphold in view of the implementation of the ECHR into the UK via the HRA 1998. But in some ways technological advances have arguably hindered the recognition of human rights and civil liberties as much as they have helped crime prevention and counter terrorism by allowing the authorities an unprecedented look into people’s lives. 3.1 The right to personal privacy The right to personal privacy is an important right, however, it is all too easily taken for granted because, like freedom, no one really appreciates its value until it is threatened, as in this case with the enactment of the ICA[72], so that in the wake of technological advancement privacy has all too easily become an afterthought in social advancement[73]. This is a significant failing. The right to privacy should not merely be limited to the idea an individual may live their personal life how they choose. It is also meant to include the right to establish and develop relationships with other people for the development and fulfilment of one’s own personality[74], whilst sexual relations are the most intimate aspect of the right to a private life[75]. However, the right to a private life also covers an individual’s physical and moral integrity[76], encompassing protection against compulsory physical interventions and treatments[77]. Moreover, in spite of the

Pro-Choice Presentation Essay

1. Intro: How many people believe that terminating a pregnancy is a horrible thing, that under no circumstance an abortion should be performed? And how many people believe that interrupting a pregnancy under certain circumstances is okay, certain circumstances including: rape, unplanned pregnancy, and medical reasons? â€Å"Quote by Hillary Rodham Clinton on being pro-choice is not being pro-abortion.† 2. Thesis: I would like to give you a little more information tonight on a topic that is very disputed now in day. And I would like to change the way you think about the term †pro-choice† 3. Audience: Women just like men have rights, and not being able to decide what you would like to do with your body takes away from those rights. 4. Preview: I. discuss the origin of abortion and how it was performed in ancient culture II. describe the methods of abortion today. II. Who aborts and the reasons why? I. History of abortion A. in and article named â€Å"when did abortion begin† on About.com 1. The practice of abortion can be dated all the way back to 1550 BCE and it is first seen in Ancient Egyptian Culture. However we also see it in Ancient Persian culture, ancient Roman and ancient Greek. And since then the topic of abortion has caused a controversy . people pick pro-life or pro-choice. They used plants to terminate a pregnancy in the past. II. Terminating a pregnancy today can be performed with surgically, with certain plants, and with pills. A. The University of Washington published an article Facts for Women ¨termination of pregnancy† it describes the different ways to perform an abortion. 1. Medical Abortions: This is performed by taking a pill or receiving an injection. 2. Surgical Abortion: A way to terminate pregnancy surgically. a. For both you receive counseling, you sign a consent form, give medical history, have a physical exam including an ultrasound, and have lab tests. III. Reasons to why? And who aborts. A. a website named Action Life, wrote an article named â€Å"The real reasons women choose abortion† Gudrun Schultz claims that 92% of women choose abortion as an alternative because of social or other factors. Those â€Å"other factors† 25% Not ready for a(nother) child/timing is wrong 23% Can’t afford a baby now 19% Have completed my childbearing/have other people depending on me/children are grown 8% Don’t want to be a single mother/am having relationship problems 7% Don’t feel mature enough to raise a(nother) child/feel too young 4% Would interfere with education or career plans 4% Physical problem with my health 3% Possible problems affecting the health of the fetus  poverty level. Why bring a child to suffer. If you cannot provide for your own child why have it? 5. Conclusion: I’m not encouraging you to get an abortion. I am just trying to get you to view â€Å"pro-choice† differently, Laws against abortion don’t stop it, they simply make abortion Less safe. If a person is not ready to be a parent, or cannot afford another child, they should not be forced to have it.